(Peer-Reviewed) AI-enabled electromagnetic metasurfaces for wireless communication and invisibility cloak
Fan Zhang ¹ ² ³, Jiwei Zhao 赵纪伟 ¹ ² ³, Huan Lu 鲁焕 ¹ ² ³, Guixi Mei ¹ ² ³, Ruikai Hu ⁴, Bin Zheng 郑斌 ¹ ² ³, Hongsheng Chen 陈红胜 ¹ ² ³
¹ State Key Laboratory of Reliability Technology for Electronic Components, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
中国 杭州 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心 电子元器件可靠性技术全国重点实验室
² The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
中国 杭州 浙江大学信息与电子工程学院 浙江大学国际电磁科学院
³ Zhejiang Key Lab. of Intelligent Electromagnetic Control and Advanced Electronic Integration, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
中国 金华 浙江大学金华研究院 全省电磁智能感控与先进电子集成重点实验室
⁴ ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
中国 海宁 浙江大学伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳香槟校区联合学院
Opto-Electronic Technology, 2026-06-28
Abstract
Programmable metasurfaces have evolved into dynamic electromagnetic (EM) interfaces capable of manipulating wavefronts across spatial, temporal, spectral, and information domains. This review summarizes recent advances in programmable metasurfaces and their integration with artificial intelligence (AI).
We first introduce the fundamental coding mechanisms, including spatial coding, temporal modulation, and space-time coding (STC), which provide the physical basis for multidimensional EM control. We then review AI-enabled methodologies for metasurfaces, covering inverse design, large-scale and STC metasurface synthesis, and closed-loop systems integrating sensing, learning, and real-time EM control. Representative system-level applications are discussed in two directions.
For wireless communication, programmable metasurfaces enable radio-environment orchestration, direct information modulation, and integrated sensing and communication. For stealth-oriented applications, they support AI-assisted cloaking design, adaptive invisibility, and EM signature regulation, including Doppler-signature manipulation. Finally, we discuss key challenges in data efficiency, physical consistency, experimental validation, hardware scalability, energy consumption, and closed-loop deployment.
This review presents programmable metasurfaces as a unifying platform concept for intelligent EM systems, while recognizing that current system-level demonstrations remain more mature in the microwave and millimeter-wave regimes.
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